Ulwazi mayelana nokuguga kwerabha

1. Kuyini ukuguga kwerabha?Kubonisani lokhu ebusweni?
Enqubweni yokucubungula, ukugcinwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenjoloba kanye nemikhiqizo yayo, ngenxa yesenzo esibanzi sezici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, izakhiwo ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zenjoloba ziwohloka kancane kancane, futhi ekugcineni zilahlekelwe inani lokusebenzisa.Lolu shintsho lubizwa ngokuthi ukuguga kwerabha.Ngaphezulu, kubonakala njengokuqhekeka, ukunamathela, ukuqina, ukuthamba, ukuchaki, ukushintsha umbala, nokukhula kwesikhutha.
2. Yiziphi izici ezithinta ukuguga kwenjoloba?
Izinto ezidala ukuguga kwerabha yilezi:
(a) Umoya-mpilo nomoya-mpilo kurabha kuhlangana nama-molecule enjoloba yamahhala, futhi iketango lemolekyuli liyaphuka noma lixhumeke kakhulu, okuholela ezinguqukweni zezakhiwo zenjoloba.I-oxidation ingesinye sezizathu ezibalulekile zokuguga kwenjoloba.
(b) Ukusebenza kwamakhemikhali e-ozone ne-ozone kuphakeme kakhulu kunomoya-mpilo, futhi kuyingozi kakhulu.Iphinde iphule uchungechunge lwamangqamuzana, kodwa umphumela we-ozone kunjoloba uyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi irabha ikhubazekile noma cha.Uma isetshenziselwa irabha ekhubazekile (ikakhulukazi irabha engagcwalisiwe), imifantu iqondana nesiqondiso sesenzo sokucindezeleka ivela, okungukuthi, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-ozone crack";uma isetshenziswa kunjoloba ekhubazekile, kwakheka ifilimu ye-oxide kuphela ngaphandle kokuqhekeka.
(c) Ukushisa: Ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa kungabangela ukuqhekeka okushisayo noma ukuphambana okushisayo kwerabha.Kodwa umphumela oyisisekelo wokushisa uwukwenza kusebenze.Thuthukisa izinga lokusabalalisa komoyampilo futhi wenze kusebenze ukusabela kwe-oxidation, ngaleyo ndlela kusheshiswe izinga lokusabela kwe-oxidation yerabha, okuyinto evamile ukuguga - ukuguga komoya-mpilo oshisayo.
(d) Ukukhanya: Uma igagasi lokukhanya liba mfushane, amandla amakhulu.Umonakalo wenjoloba imisebe ye-ultraviolet enamandla amakhulu.Ngaphezu kokubangela ngokuqondile ukugqashuka nokuxhumanisa kweketango lengqamuzana lenjoloba, imisebe ye-ultraviolet ikhiqiza ama-radicals mahhala ngenxa yokumuncwa kwamandla okukhanya, aqala futhi asheshise inqubo yokusabela kwe-oxidation chain.Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet kusebenza njengokufudumeza.Esinye isici sesenzo sokukhanya (esihlukile esenzweni sokushisa) ukuthi sivela ikakhulukazi ebusweni benjoloba.Kumasampula anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kweglue, kuzoba nokuqhekeka kwenethiwekhi ezinhlangothini zombili, okungukuthi, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-optical yangaphandle yokuqhekeka kwengqimba".
(e) Ukucindezeleka kwemishini: Ngaphansi kwesenzo esiphindaphindiwe sokucindezeleka komshini, iketanga le-molecular yenjoloba lizophulwa ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-radicals mahhala, okuzokwenza ukuthi i-oxidation chain reaction idale inqubo ye-mechanochemical.I-Mechanical scission yamaketanga e-molecular kanye nokusebenza komshini kwezinqubo ze-oxidation.Iyiphi enesandla esiphezulu kuncike ezimweni lapho ibekwe khona.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulula ukubangela ukuqhekeka kwe-ozone ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezeleka.
(f) Umswakama: Umthelela womswakamo unezimo ezimbili: irabha yonakala kalula lapho ichayeke emvuleni emoyeni onomswakama noma icwiliswa emanzini.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini kanye namaqembu amanzi ahlanzekile kunjoloba akhishwa futhi ahlakazwe ngamanzi.Kubangelwa i-hydrolysis noma ukumuncwa.Ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwesenzo esishintshayo sokucwiliswa kwamanzi nokuchayeka emoyeni, ukucekelwa phansi kwenjoloba kuzosheshiswa.Kodwa kwezinye izimo, umswakama awulimazi irabha, futhi unomphumela wokubambezela ukuguga.
(g) Okunye: Kukhona imidiya yamakhemikhali, i-variable valence metal ions, imisebe enamandla amakhulu, ugesi kanye ne-biology, njll., ethinta irabha.
3. Yiziphi izinhlobo zezindlela zokuhlola ukuguga kwerabha?
Ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili:
(a) Indlela yokuhlola ukuguga yemvelo.Iphinde ihlukaniswe ngokuhlolwa kokuguga komkhathi, ukuhlolwa kokuguga okusheshisiwe komkhathi, ukuhlolwa kokuguga kwesitoreji semvelo, indawo yemvelo (kuhlanganise nendawo engcwatshwe, njll.) kanye nokuhlolwa kokuguga kwebhayoloji.
(b) Indlela yokuhlola yokuguga esheshisiwe yokwenziwa.Ngokuguga okushisayo, ukuguga kwe-ozone, ukuthwebula izithombe, ukuguga kwesimo sezulu sokwenziwa, ukuguga kwe-photo-ozone, ukuguga kwebhayoloji, imisebe enamandla amakhulu nokuguga kukagesi, nokuguga kwemidiya yamakhemikhali.
4. Yiliphi izinga lokushisa okufanele likhethwe ekuhlolweni kokuguga komoya oshisayo wezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene zenjoloba?
Ngerabha yemvelo, izinga lokushisa lokuhlola livamise ukuba ngu-50 ~ 100℃, kwirabha yokwenziwa, ngokuvamile liba ngu-50~150℃, futhi izinga lokushisa lokuhlola kwamanye amarabha akhethekile liphezulu.Isibonelo, irabha ye-nitrile isetshenziswa ku-70~150℃, futhi irabha ye-silicone fluorine ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ku-200~300℃.Ngamafuphi, kufanele kunqunywe ngokuvumelana nokuhlolwa.